Immersive Analytics (IA) utilises stereoscopic 3D (S3D) graph visualisations in Virtual and Augmented Reality to harness spatial understanding and engagement beyond 2D screen displays. Despite growing research interest, little is known about how users perceive such structures, or how their gaze behaviour relates to task performance. We address this through a series of eye tracking studies on visual analytical tasks over S3D graphs in VR. Our first study, on single-layer graphs, reveals systematic links between gaze behaviour and task performance, with distinct exploration strategies across tasks. We then extend to multilayer graphs and show how their spatial arrangement and complexity reshape gaze behaviour. Finally, by mining the gaze patterns of successful analysts, we enhance the visualisations with targeted visual cues; in a follow-up study, these improve task correctness in the majority of trials. Overall, our findings deepen the understanding of graph perception in immersive environments, from single to complex multilayer structures, and demonstrate how eye tracking can both reveal reading strategies and inform S3D graph design through gaze-derived cues.

@article{wang26_tvcg,
  title = {Understanding and Enhancing Stereoscopic 3D Graph Perception with Eye Tracking},
  author = {Wang, Yao and Zhang, Lin and Zhang, Ying and Kerle-Malcharek, Wilhelm and Klein, Karsten and Schreiber, Falk and Bulling, Andreas},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG)},
}