Mobile eye-tracking is crucial for capturing human visual attention in real-world and XR settings, supporting research and human-computer interaction. Yet blinks, pupil-detection errors and lighting changes create missing values that hinder gaze analysis. We present HAGI++, a multi-modal diffusion-based imputation method that, for the first time, leverages integrated head-orientation sensors to exploit the natural correlation between head and eye movements. Using a transformer-based diffusion model, it learns cross-modal dependencies between eye and head data and can additionally incorporate wrist/hand motion when such wearable signals are available. Evaluations on the large-scale Nymeria, Ego-Exo4D and HOT3D datasets show that HAGI++ consistently outperforms traditional interpolation and deep-learning time-series imputation baselines. Statistical analysis confirms that its gaze-velocity distributions closely match real human behaviour, yielding realistic imputations. Even when 100% of gaze data are missing (pure gaze generation), HAGI++ exceeds methods that rely on the visual inputs and the methods rely on full-body motion capture by incorporating wrist motion from commercial wearables. Our approach enables more complete, accurate eye-gaze recordings in real-world contexts, enhancing gaze-based analysis and interaction across many applications.

@article{jiao26_tvcg,
  title = {{{HAGI}}++: {{Head-Assisted Gaze Imputation}} and {{Generation}}},
  author = {Jiao, Chuhan and Hu, Zhiming and Bulling, Andreas},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG)},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2511.02468},
  shorttitle = {{{HAGI}}++},
}